Graph animations
Every core IB diagram, one step at a time. Numbered notes pop up on the diagram as you click Next, and the curves or values they talk about light up; arrows on the axes show what rises and what falls.
Economics
Microeconomics Markets & the firm
The production possibilities curve
Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost on a concave PPC, points inside and outside the curve, economic growth and capital versus consumer goods.
Demand & supply: the Marshallian cross
Shifts in demand and supply, shortages and surpluses, and what happens to price and quantity when both curves shift at once.
PED & total revenue: finding the TR maximum
Price cuts and price rises along a straight-line demand curve and the TR curve, plus the special cases: perfectly elastic, perfectly inelastic and unit elastic demand.
Indirect taxes & subsidies
Specific and ad valorem taxes and subsidies: tax incidence, the role of PED, government revenue or cost, and the change in consumer and producer surplus.
Price ceilings & price floors
Maximum price (shortage, black markets, subsidy or buffer stocks to raise supply), minimum price with government purchases, and the minimum wage and unemployment.
Market failure: externalities
Negative and positive production and consumption externalities with MPB, MSB, MPC and MSC, the welfare loss, and taxes, subsidies and regulation as policy.
Costs of production (HL)
Short-run cost curves and diminishing marginal returns, product curves mirrored in MC and AVC, and the LRAC envelope with economies and diseconomies of scale.
Perfect competition
Industry and firm side by side: short-run abnormal profit and losses, entry and exit to long-run equilibrium, and the break-even and shut-down prices.
Monopoly
Profit maximisation at MC = MR, monopoly vs perfect competition and the welfare loss, natural monopoly and its regulation, and revenue maximisation.
Monopolistic competition & oligopoly
Monopolistic competition from short run to long run, the kinked demand curve and price rigidity, and the prisoner's dilemma pay-off matrix.
Macroeconomics The whole economy
The business cycle
Real GDP around its long-term trend: recovery, boom, peak, contraction and trough, inflationary and deflationary gaps, and slower growth vs a recession.
AD/AS: neo-classical and Keynesian models
Shifts of AD, SRAS and LRAS: demand-pull, recession, cost-push stagflation, good deflation, long-run growth, and the Keynesian AS with a lasting deflationary gap.
Fiscal policy and the multiplier
Expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy on a Keynesian AD/AS diagram, with the budget balance, the multiplier (HL) and crowding out of private investment.
Monetary policy: from the money market to AD
The transmission mechanism step by step: the central bank changes the money supply, the interest rate moves, and consumption, investment and AD respond.
Supply-side policies
Market-based and interventionist policies shift LRAS and the Keynesian AS right; AD and LRAS growing together give economic growth without inflation.
Phillips Curve Lab
The AD/AS model and the Phillips curve side by side: demand-pull, stagflation, disinflation and the long-run Phillips curve.
Unemployment: types and causes
Labour market diagrams for real-wage, demand-deficient and structural unemployment and the natural rate (ASL vs LF), with policies to reduce each.
Inequality: the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient
Reading a Lorenz curve, calculating the Gini coefficient as A/(A+B), curves that move or cross, and redistribution through progressive taxes and transfers.
The global economy Trade, currencies & development
Absolute and comparative advantage
Two countries, two goods, straight-line PPCs: absolute advantage, opportunity costs, comparative advantage, terms of trade and the gains from specialisation and trade.
Trade protection: tariffs, quotas and subsidies
Gains from free trade, then a tariff, an import quota and a production subsidy: domestic output, imports, government revenue, quota rent and welfare loss.
Exchange rates: floating and fixed
How interest rates, trade and speculation shift the demand for and supply of a currency: appreciation, depreciation, and how a central bank defends a fixed rate (HL).
Depreciation, Marshall–Lerner and the J-curve
Why a depreciation first worsens and later improves the current account: the J-curve step by step, and the Marshall–Lerner condition (PEDx + PEDm > 1) in numbers.
The poverty cycle (poverty trap)
Low income → low savings → low investment → low productivity, and how aid, microfinance, education, health, infrastructure and FDI can break the cycle.
Business & Management
Finance, marketing and operations. The numbers in Business Management are rarely hard; the meaning behind them is. Each animation shows what a calculation or a tool means, one step at a time.
Finance and accounts Unit 3
Break-even chart & profit: two linked diagrams
The break-even chart with FC, TC and TR, and the profit line underneath. Step through break-even quantity, margin of safety and target profit, then see what a price rise, a variable-cost rise or a fixed-cost rise does.
Investment appraisal: payback, ARR and NPV
Cash-flow bars with the cumulative line that gives the payback period, the average rate of return, and a second diagram that discounts each year to show how NPV changes with the discount rate.
Cash-flow forecast: when does the money run out?
Monthly cash inflows and outflows, the closing balance and the overdraft limit. See what late-paying customers do to the forecast, and how leasing instead of buying changes it.
Ratio analysis: what one decision does to the ratios
GPM, PM, ROCE, current and acid-test ratios, and gearing (HL), calculated from one set of accounts. See how a price cut, a bank loan or a stock build-up moves each ratio.
Depreciation: straight line vs units of production (HL)
Net book value and the annual depreciation charge under both methods, for a machine that costs $50k and is worth $10k after four years.
Marketing and growth Unit 4 · Toolkit
Product life cycle and cash flow
The product life cycle and net cash flow on linked diagrams: why cash is negative at launch, peaks in maturity, and what an extension strategy does. Linked to the BCG matrix at each stage.
Position map: finding a gap in the market
Energy drink brands mapped by price and natural ingredients: spotting a gap, launching a brand into it, and repositioning an existing brand.
BCG matrix: from question mark to dog
One product moving through the four boxes as its market matures, and a four-product portfolio where cash cows fund the stars and question marks.
Ansoff matrix: four ways to grow
Market penetration, product development, market development and diversification for a Budapest coffee chain, and how the risk rises from one box to the next.